Marketing mix

The promoting combine or mix refers to the set of actions, or tactics, that an organization uses to market its complete or product within the market. The 4Ps frame a typical promoting combine i.e. Price, Product, Promotion and Place. However, nowadays, the promoting combine more and more includes many different postscript like Packaging, Positioning, individuals and even Politics as very important combine components.

Description:
 summary of 4Ps marketing

 Price: refers to the worth that\'s place for a product. It depends on prices of production, phase targeted, ability of the market to pay, offer - demand and a bunch of alternative direct and indirect factors. There is many forms of rating ways, every tied in with Associate in Nursing overall business arrange. Rating can even be used  as a demarcation, to do differentiate and enhance the image of a product.

Product: refers to the item truly being oversubscribed. the merchandise should deliver a minimum level of performance; otherwise even the simplest work on the opposite components of the promoting combine will not do any sensible.

Place: refers to the purpose of sale. In each business, catching the attention of the patron and creating it simple for her to shop for it\'s the most aim of a decent distribution or \'place\' strategy. Retailers pay a premium for the correct location. In fact, the mantra of a undefeated retail business is \'location, location, location\'.

Promotion: this refers to any or all the activities undertaken to form the merchandise or service acknowledged to the user and trade. this may embody advertising, press reports, word of mouth, incentives, commissions and awards to the trade. It also can embody shopper schemes, marketing, contests and prizes.

Importance of marketing mix
  All the weather of the promoting combine influence one another. they create up the business arrange for a corporation and handled right, will provides it nice success. however handled wrong and therefore the business might take years to recover. The promoting combine desires lots of understanding, research and consultation with many individuals, from users to trade to producing and several other others.

Management information system or management data system

A management data system (MIS) could be a processed information of monetary info organized and programmed in such some way that it produces regular reports on operations for each level of management during a company. it\'s sometimes additionally attainable to get special reports from the system simply. the most purpose of the MIS is to convey managers feedback concerning their own performance; high management will monitor the corporate as a full. info displayed by the MIS usually shows \"actual\" information over against \"planned\" results and results from a year before; so it measures progress against goals. The MIS receives information from company units and functions. a number of the information area unit collected mechanically from computer-linked check-out counters; others area unit keyed in at periodic intervals. Routine reports area unit preprogrammed and run at intervals or on demand whereas others area unit obtained victimization inherent question languages; show functions engineered into the system area unit employed by managers to visualize on standing at desk-side computers connected to the MIS by networks. several refined systems additionally monitor and show the performance of the company\'s stock.

Origins And Evolution

The MIS represents the electronic automation of many totally different forms of count, tallying, record-keeping, and accounting techniques of that the far and away oldest, of course, was the ledger on that the business owner unbroken track of his or her business. Automation emerged within the Eighties within the type of tabulating cards that may be sorted and counted. These were the punch-cards that still remembered by many: they captured components of knowledge keyed in on punch-card machines; the cards were then processed by different machines a number of that might print out results of tallies. every card was the equivalent of what nowadays would be referred to as a information record, with totally different areas on the cardboard treated as fields. World-famous IBM had its begin in 1911; it had been then referred to as Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. Before IBM there was C-T-R. Punch cards were accustomed keep time records and to record weights at scales. The U.S. Census utilized such cards to record and to govern its information similarly. once the primary computers emerged once war II punch-card systems were used each as their face (feeding them information and programs) and as their output (computers cut cards and different machines written from these). Card systems didn\'t entirely disappear till the Seventies. They were ultimately replaced by storage medium media (tape and disks). Computers victimization such storage media accelerated tallying; the pc introduced calculative functions. MIS developed because the most important accounting functions became computerised.

Dalton's atomic theory

Democritus initial recommended the existence of the atom however it took nearly 2 millennia before the atom was placed on a solid foothold as a basic chemical object by physicist (1766-1844). though 2 centuries recent, Dalton's atomic theory remains valid in trendy chemical thought. From yesteryear, philosophers were nonplussed regarding the character of matter. They were suggesting that every one matter consists of little, discrete, indivisible  particles known as atom.In 1808, John Dalton recommend the atomic theory, and with success explained the laws of chemical combination acknowledged at that point. Dalton’s atomic theory is also summarized within the following postulates.
1.      All the matter consists of very tiny indivisible  component  particles known as atoms
2.      Atoms of same component area unit all alike.
3.      Atoms completely different|of various} parts area unit entirely different, and have completely different properties.
4.      Atoms can't be destroyed, created or reworked into atoms of different parts.
5.      Atoms mix along in easy number magnitude relation to relinquish compounds.
6.      The relative range every kind of atoms area unit constant during a given compound .

 Dalton’s atomic theory is that the milestone within the development of contemporary chemistry. Dalton’s original statement has undergoes enlargement, modification, and clarification to an excellent extent. consistent with chemist atoms unite along to from chemical compounds. The quantitative  weight relationship during a chemical relation is extremely vital. Modern atomic theory is, of course, a bit a lot of concerned than Dalton's theory however the essence of Dalton's theory remains valid. nowadays we all know that atoms may be destroyed via nuclear reactions however not by chemical reactions. Also, there ar completely different sorts of atoms (differing by their masses) inside a component that ar called "isotopes", however isotopes of a component have a similar chemical properties.

Many up to currently unexplained chemical phenomena were quickly explained by Dalton along side his theory. Dalton's theory quickly became the theoretical foundation in chemistry.

Structure of matter

Whatever be the physical states of matter, they are made up of large number of extremely small particles which may be atoms or molecules.

Atoms
  An atoms is the smallest unit of an element which takes part in the chemical reaction. There are many kinds of atoms as there are elements. Atom may or may not be capable of independent existence. Previously atom was considered to be the ultimate particle of matter which can not be subdivided. But now it is known that atom consists of still smaller particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. These particles are known as sub-atomic particles. These sub-atomic particles are arranged in some particular manner in an atom. Thus atom has its own structure. Atom consists of positively charged nucleus around which negatively charged electrons revolve like planets round the sun The nucleus contains positively charged protons and chargeless neutrons. These particles together are known as nucleons. The mass of the atom is mainly due to these nucleons.

Atomic weight
    Atom is an extremely small particle. If you buy gold out of 1 paisa it will contain more atoms of gold than the number of human beings in the world. The atom, even though very small, has mass. The gram is very big unit to measure the mass of an atom. So scientists have devised a new unit known as atomic mass unit to measure the mass of an atom. In atomic mass unit the mass of hydrogen is equal to 1.008. One atomic mass unit is nearly equal to 1.661 multiply by 10th power -24 gm. which is in fact the mass of 1/12th the mass of ordinary carbon atom.
   Atomic mass or weight is the average mass per atom of the element in atomic mass unit. These days atomic mass unit is called dalton in honour of John Dalton who put forward the first Atomic Theory based on scientific reasoning.

Molecules
   A molecule is the smallest unit of an element or a compound which is capable of independent existence. A molecule of an element  contains only one kind of atoms while a molecule of compound  contains at least two kinds of atoms. For example, a molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms of hydrogen. Hence hydrogen is taken as an element. On the other hand a molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Hence water is taken as  a compound. A molecule of ozone contains three atoms of oxygen and a molecule of helium contains one atom of helium.

Molecular weight
  Molecular mass or weight is the mass of the molecule in atomic mass unit. The molecular mass can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of constituent atoms in the molecule. The molecular mass of water is 18. This is obtained by adding the mass of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms.

Physical classification and Chemical classification

Physical classification
Matter can be classified into three physical states depending upon the conditions of temperature and pressure.
  1. Solid state
  2. Liquid state
  3. Gaseous state

 Solid is that substance which at ordinary temperature and pressure has definite shape and volume. Molecules in solid state are constituted very closely packed and there is very little space between one and other in them. The molecules in the solids are tightly held by strong forces of attraction.
Therefore, solid has a definite shape and volume.
 Liquid is that substance which at ordinary temperature has definite volume but does not have definite shape. In liquid state, the molecules are closely packed but not tightly held like in solid. Molecules can slide one over the other easily in liquid state. Therefore, liquid contains definite volume but not the definite shape.
Gas is that substance which has neither definite shape nor volume. In gaseous state molecules are vary far apart and free to move in all possible directions. In gaseous state the intermolecular forces of attraction is very weak. Hence gas has neither definite shape nor volume.


Chemical classification
From chemical point of view matter is either a pure substance or a mixture. A pure substance will contain only one kind of matter and can not be split physically into more than one kind of substances. A mixture on the other hand contains more than one kind of matter and can be separated into two or more pure substances by ordinary separation techniques. If a particular substance is pure then it may be an element or a compound.

Elements
   An element is a pure substance which can neither be split into simpler substances nor it can be prepared by combining two or more substances. An element will contain only one kind of atoms. Only ninety elements occur in nature. By the combination of these elements all the matter in this universe are formed.

Compounds
  A compound is a pure substance which is produced by combination of two or more elements in definite proportions by weight. A compound can be split into two or more elements by chemical processes. Most of the substances around us are compounds. A compound will contain more than one kind of atoms.

Mixture
       In nature matter seldom occurs as pure substances, rather they occur as mixtures. A mixture will contain more than one kind of matter which can be separated into pure substances by physical processess.

Crystal structure of sodium chloride

Sodium chloride is an tonic compound. The crystal structure of sodium chloride is a typical example of an ionic crystal. Sodium chloride of sodium and chloride ions held together by ionic or electrovalent bond. Sodium chloride is crystallized in a face centered cubic lattice. The entire crystal of sodium chloride can be built by stalking the above unit cell of sodium chloride in three dimension. The sodium chloride crystal may be visualized as consisting of chloride ions at corners of the cube and at the center of the face of the cube. The sodium ion occupying the space at the middle of the edges between the chloride ions and at the center of the cube. A unit cell of sodium chloride may appear to be consisting of 14 chloride ions and 13 sodium ions, but in reality it consists of 4 units of sodium chloride. The chloride at the corner of the cube is shared by 8 other cubes hence 8 chloride ions at eight corner represent only one chloride ion. The chloride at center of the face is shared by two cubes hence the sic chloride ions at center of six faces represent only 3 chloride. Hence all the chloride ions present in a unit cell of sodium chloride represents 4 chloride ions. Similarly, the sodium ion present at the middle of the edge of the cube is shared by four other cubes. Hence the twelve sodium ion present at the middle of twelve edge of the cube represent 3 sodium ion. The sodium ion at center of the cube belongs fully to the cube hence represents one sodium ion. Thus a unit cell of sodium chloride contains 4 sodium ions. In total a unit cell of sodium chloride represents 4 sodium and four chloride ions i.e. 4 units of sodium chloride.

  The crystal of sodium chloride may be visualized in different way as well. If we look at the sodium ion at the center of the cube ( open circle) we readily find that it is surrounded by six chloride ions ( closed circle). Similarly, if we look at any chloride ion it will also be surrounded by six sodium ions octahedrally. Thus sodium chloride crystal may be visualized as consisting of sodium and chloride ions in which each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions and each chloride ion is surrounded by six sodium ions.

Female education

Education is important for all as it is male or as it is female. Female education is very much important for the nation. Females can help to change the family and the nation. Females are the mothers so, for the better family females must be educated. They look after their children. Only educated mothers can treat well to their babies. They can know how to make their baby healthy and problems of babies. For the better upliftment of women education following hints can be taken:
1) Parental and community involvement -- Families and communities must be important partners with schools in developing curriculum and managing children's education.
2) low cost and flexible time table - For the better upliftment of girl's enrollment in the education. There should provide the low cost education for the girls so that the family from poor people can send their daughters to study. Another is the school opening hours should be flexible so that the children can helped at home and attend class in time.
3) School close to home- School should be near many parents worry about their daughters travelling to long distance schools. So, the school should be near to the house.
4) Relevant curricula - Learning materials should be relevant to the girls so that they can learn easily.

 There are also many others steps for the upliftment to women education. Specially, this types of awarness program should be follow in the under developed or developing countries. Because in those countries they thought that women should not give the education. Females are dominated by the men in those countries. So, this types of awarness is necessary to those countries. First of all, discrimination between girls and boys should be ended then only it will be possible to think about the female education. Nowadays, females are also doing lots of great job which are not even done by the men. So, if we give oppurtunities to the females then they can also show their powers.