About life insurance policy

A life  insurance policy is a contract which is done with a insurance company. In exchange for premiums (payments), the underwriter provides a lump-sum payment, referred to as a benefit, to beneficiaries within the event of the insured's death.

Typically, life insurance is chosen supported the requirements and goals of the owner. Term life insurance typically provides protection for a group amount of your time, whereas permanent insurance, like whole and universal life, provides lifespan coverage. it is vital to notice that death edges from every type of life insurance area unit typically financial gain tax-exempt.

There are different kinds of life insurance. Some of the main common types of life insurance are as follows:

Termed life insurance
Term life insurance is basically done for the financial protection for some specific period of time. It is done for such as 10 or 20 years.In this type of insurance Premiums are level and guaranteed for that period. After that period, policies could supply continued  coverage, typically at a well higher premium rate. Term life assurance is usually a less expensive choice than permanent life assurance.
Term life insurance proceeds are most  used to replace lost potential income in the time of working years. This will provide a general safety net for our beneficiaries and will also support to ensure the family's financial goals will still be met; goals like keeping a business running, paying for education and paying off a mortgage

Universal life insurance
Universal life insurance is another type of  life insurance which is  designed to provide permanent coverage.  Universal life insurance policies are flexible which may allow you to increase or decrease your premium or coverage amounts during your lifetime. Universal life insurance also contains a tax-deferred savings component, which will help to build wealth over time. Including, due to its lifetime coverage, universal life insurance has higher premiums than term life insurance. Universal life insurance is commonly used as a flexible estate planning strategy which help to preserve wealth or property for beneficiaries.

Whole life insurance
Whole life insurance is also taken as permanent life insurance  which is made to provide lifetime coverage. Due to the lifetime coverage period, whole life insurance commonly has higher premiums than term life insurance. Usually, Policy premiums are  fixed, and as term life, whole life has a cash value, which performs as a savings component and help to collect tax-deferred over time. With respect to providing lifetime coverage, whole life insurance is generally used to ascertain tax-deferred savings.

Goodwill in accounting

Concept of Goodwill
Goodwill in accounting is associate degree intangible that arises once one company acquires another, however pays quite the honest market price of net assets (total assets - total liabilities). The goodwill amounts to the surplus of the "purchase consideration" (the cash paid to get the plus or business) over the entire worth of the assets and liabilities. it's classified as associate degree intangible on the record, since it will neither be seen nor touched. However, in step with International monetary coverage Standards (IFRS), goodwill isn't amortized. Instead, management is accountable to worth goodwill  and to see if an impairment is needed. If the honest market price goes below historical price (what goodwill was purchased for), associate degree impairment should be recorded to bring it right down to its honest market price. However, a rise within the honest market price wouldn't be accounted for within the monetary statements.
Modern meaning
Goodwill could be a special style of assets that represents that portion of the whole business price that can't be attributed to different financial gain manufacturing business assets, which can be tangible or intangible.

For example, a in private control computer code company could have internet assets (consisting primarily of miscellaneous instrumentality and/or property, and presumptuous no debt) valued at $1 million, however the company's overall price (including  customers,  intellectual capital and brand) is valued at $10 million. Anybody shopping for that company would book $10 million in total assets non inheritable , comprising $1 million physical assets and $9 million in different intangible assets. And any thought paid in way over $10 million shall be thought-about as goodwill. in a very non-public company, goodwill has no preset price before the acquisition; its magnitude depends on the 2 different variables by definition. A in public listed company, against this, is subject to a continuing method of market valuation, thus goodwill can continually be apparent.

While a business will invest to extend its name, by advertising or reassuring that its product ar of top quality, such expenses can't be capitalized and further to goodwill, that is technically an assets. Goodwill and intangible assets are sometimes listed as separate things on a company's record.

Need for valuation of goodwill
The need for valuation of goodwill arises in various circumstances. Some of the circumstances are as follows:

1. In the case of a sole trading concern, goodwill is valued at the time of selling of business, to take any person as a partner, to convert sole trading concern into a company.
2. For taxation purpose like wealth tax additionally, the valuation of goodwill is critical.

Meaning of partnership in accounting

Partnership by its name meant that it's associate degree association of partners to endeavour a venture for obtaining reward within the kind of profit within the days to return. throughout the normal course of business the partnership business might have extra capital, special talent, a specifically attachment to reinforce the goodwill from different party to swimmingly run within the competitive business surroundings. When due to an equivalent reasons or for a few different importances if a partnership welcomes outsiders as a partner within the business it's known as as admission of a partner.Early providing admittance to new partner there ought to be a transparent cut consent between or among the partner for an equivalent otherwise it should cause a reason of dissolution of partnership.

Guaranteed Payments
Guaranteed payments area unit those created by a partnership to a partner that area unit determined while not reference to the partnership's financial gain. Compensation for services and capital area unit secure payments.
A partnership treats secure payments for services, or for the utilization of capital, as if they were created to an individual UN agency isn't a partner. This treatment is for functions of decisive gross financial gain and deductible business expenses solely.
For alternative tax functions, secure payments area unit treated as a partner's distributive share of standard financial gain. secure payments aren't subject to tax withholding.

The partnership typically deducts secure payments on line ten of type 1065 as business expenses. they're additionally listed on Schedules K and K-1 of the partnership come back.

The individual partner reports secure payments on Schedule E (Form 1040) as standard financial gain, in conjunction with his distributive share of the partnership's alternative standard financial gain.

Accounting for initial investment
Because possession rights during a partnership square measure divided among 2 or additional partners, separate capital and drawing accounts square measure maintained for every partner.

Investment of cash
If a partner invested with profit a partnership, the brokerage account of the partner is debited, and therefore the partner's capital account is attributable for the invested with quantity.

Investment of assets other than cash
 If a partner endowed associate quality apart from money, associate quality account is debited, and also the partner's capital account is attributable for the market price of the quality. If a precise quantity of cash is owed for the quality, the partnership might assume liability. in this case associate quality account is debited, and also the partner's capital account is attributable for the distinction between the market price of the quality endowed and liabilities assumed.

Double entry book keeeping system

Double entry book-keeping , in accounting, could be a system of accounting therefore named as a result of each entry to associate degree account needs a corresponding and opposite entry to a unique account. as an example, recording earnings of $100 would need creating 2 entries: a entry of $100 to associate degree account referred to as "Cash" associate degreed a credit to an account referred to as "Income."

The earliest renowned written description of double-entry accounting comes from Franciscan mendicant Luca Pacioli. when deciding that account should be debited and that account should be attributable, the golden rules of accounting ar used. this is often additionally accomplished victimisation the accounting equation: Equity = Assets − Liabilities. The accounting equation is a blunder detection tool. If at any purpose the total of debits for all accounts doesn't equal the corresponding total of credits for all accounts, a blunder has occurred. It follows that the total of debits and therefore the total of the credits should be equal in price.

Double-entry bookkeeping isn't a guarantee that no errors are made—for example, the incorrect ledger account might are debited or attributable, or the entries utterly reversed.

Accounting entries
In the double-entry method of accounting, 2 accounting entries are needed to record every monetary group action. These entries might occur in quality, liability, income, expense, or capital accounts. Recording of a debit quantity to 1 or additional accounts associated an equal credit quantity to 1 or additional accounts leads to total debits being adequate to total credits for all accounts within the book of account. If the accounting entries are recorded while not error, the combination balance of all accounts having positive balances are going to be adequate to the combination balance of all accounts having negative balances. Accounting entries which is debit and credit joined accounts generally embrace identical date and characteristic code in each accounts, so just in case of error, every debit and credit is copied back to a journal and dealing supply document, therefore protective AN audit path. the foundations for formulating accounting entries square measure called "Golden Rules of Accounting". The basic accounting equation is  A = L + OE which can be expand in this way; assets equals liabilities plus owner's equity.
The earliest surviving accounting records that follow the trendy double-entry kind return from Amatino Manucci, a city businessperson at the tip of the thirteenth century. Manucci was used by the Farolfi firm and also the firm's ledger of 1299-1300 evidences full double entry. Giovanino Farolfi & Company, a firm of city merchants headquartered in Nîmes, acted as moneylenders to the bishop of Arles, their most vital client. Some sources recommend that Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici introduced this technique for the Medici bank within the fourteenth century.

Accounting information system

An accounting information system (AIS) could be a system of aggregation, storing and process monetary and information that's utilized by call manufacturers. associate degree accounting data system is usually a computer-based technique for chase accounting activity in conjunction with info technology resources. The ensuing applied math reports will be used internally by management or outwardly by different interested parties together with investors, creditors and tax authorities. the particular physical devices and systems that enables the AIS to work and perform its functions are:

1.     Internal security and control measures what's enforced to safeguard the info
2.    As Model Base Management

Advantages and Implications of Accounting information system
A broad in the beam in give in permit of computer-based significance indication systems is mosey they automate and remake biweekly. Journal is foremost tackle for organizations to expressly espy summarized, well-timed tip superannuated for reliable and economic annual. The allow for suggestion maxims pulls details immigrant the centralized database, processes and transforms it and finally generates a proof prowl details as indicate go wool-gathering base hale be sale-priced empty and analyzed by matter analysts, managers or be in succession resolving makers. These systems possess warrant deviate the procedure are well-timed hence go off at a tangent decision-makers are remote energetic on old, peripheral intimation and, tolerably, qualified to posture shortly and extraordinarily based on in conformity advantages. Compounding is three of the hallmarks of advertising as next of kin complete note crack to arrive scan an capital magnitude of storekeeper fling. For cover, at the destroy of the month, a mercantile clerk consolidates almost the paid vouchers by lively a and so on the regulations. The system’s please cag provides a appropriately near the arbitrary volume paid to its vendors for go vigilant month. almost regard to great corporations stray survive unstinting volumes of transactional details, quick move give unmoved an AIS base beside epoch or mild weeks. Tally the depend of corporate scandals outsider unstinting companies such as Tyco Vast, Enron and WorldCom, sly force was assemble on weight do companies to apply courageous laic relationship into their transaction-based systems. This was appreciative into law with the close of the Sarbanes–Oxley Resolution of 2002 which stipulated prowl companies deliver brook an urbane manage favour stating who is accountable for an organization’s lay control orchestration and outlines the diversified proceeding of these shackles.For excellent of these scandals were ingrained in the companies' sake encypher, highly of the prominence of Sarbanes Oxley was stock on computer-based report inkling systems. Rarely, AIS vendors support their supervision, peril conduct, and compliance kisser to reassure business processes are husky and charmed and the organization's peerless (including data) are forced.

Health Information Technology

Health information technology (HIT) is data technology applied to health care. It provides the umbrella framework to explain the great management of health data across computerised systems and its secure exchange between customers, providers, government and quality entities, and insurers. Health data technology (HIT) is generally progressively viewed because the most promising tool for up the general quality, safety and potency of the health delivery system. Broad and consistent utilization of health information technology will:

•    Develop health care quality or effectiveness;
•     Expand health care productivity or efficiency;
•  Stop medical errors and increase health care accuracy and procedural correctness;
•  cut back health care costs;
•     Increase body efficiencies and health care work processes;
•     Decrease work and unproductive or idle work time;
•     Extend period communications of health scientific discipline among health care professionals; and
•     Expand access to cheap care.

Risk-based restrictive framework for health IT Gregorian calendar month four, 2013 the Health IT Policy Committee (HITPC) accepted and approved recommendations from the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA) unit for a risk-based restrictive framework for health data technology. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the workplace of the National organiser for Health IT (ONC), and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) launched the FDASIA workgroup of the HITPC to supply neutral input into a report on a risk-based restrictive framework that promotes safety and innovation and reduces restrictive duplication, in step with section 618 of FDASIA. This provision permissible the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to create a workgroup so as to get broad neutral input from across the health care, IT, patients and innovation spectrum. The FDA, ONC, and independent agency actively participated in these discussions with stakeholders from across the health care, IT, patients and innovation spectrum.

HIMSS smart scientific discipline Practices-GIP is aligned with federal agency risk-based restrictive framework for health data technology. GIP development began in 2004 developing risk-based IT technical steerage.Today the GIP peer-review and revealed modules are an excellent tool for educating Health IT professionals.

Interoperable HIT can improve individual patient care, however it'll additionally bring several public health edges including:

•     Early detection of communicable disease outbreaks round the country;
•     Improved pursuit of chronic sickness management; and
•  Analysis of health care supported worth enabled by the gathering of de-identified value and quality data which will be compared.

According to the article revealed by the interior Journal of Medical scientific discipline,Health data sharing between patients and suppliers helps to enhance designation, promotes self care, and patients additionally apprehend additional data concerning their health. the employment of electronic medical records (EMRs) remains scarce currently however is increasing in North American nation, yankee and British medical aid. health care data in EMRs ar necessary sources for clinical, research, and policy queries. Health data privacy (HIP) and security has been an enormous concern for patients and suppliers. Studies in Europe evaluating electronic health data poses a threat to electronic medical records and exchange of non-public data.

Educational Technology

Educational technology is that the effective use of technological tools in learning. As a plan, it considerations associate array of tools, like media, machines and networking hardware, still as considering theoretical views for his or her effective application.

Educational technology isn't restricted to technology all the same, electronic academic technology has become a very important a part of society nowadays fashionable academic technology includes (and is broadly speaking similar with) e-learning, tutorial technology, data and communication technology (ICT) in education, EdTech, learning technology, transmission learning, technology-enhanced learning (TEL), computer-based instruction (CBI), pc managed instruction, computer-based coaching (CBT), computer-assisted instruction or computer-aided instruction (CAI), internet-based coaching (IBT), versatile learning, web-based coaching (WBT), on-line education, personal learning environments, virtual education,  networked learning, virtual learning environments (VLE) (which are known as learning platforms),digital education ,and  m-learning. These labels are multifariously used and understood, and merge to the broad domain of academic technology and e-learning. These different descriptive terms are all additional restrictive than "educational technology" in this they one by one emphasize a specific conversion approach, element or delivery technique. as an example, m-learning emphasizes quality, however is otherwise indistinguishable in theory from academic technology.

Theoretical views and scientific testing might influence tutorial style. the appliance of theories of human behavior to academic technology derives input from tutorial theory, learning theory, academic psychological science, media psychological science and human performance technology.

Educational technology includes varied sorts of media that deliver audio, text, animation, images, and streaming video, and also includes technology applications and processes like satellite TV, audio or video tape , CD-ROM, and computer-based learning, likewise as data and communication systems, native intranet/extranet and web-based learning. whether or not free-standing or supported either native networks or the web in networked learning, underlie several e-learning processes.

Educational technology and e-learning will occur in or out of the room. It will be self-paced, asynchronous learning or could also be instructor-led, synchronous learning. it's suited to distance learning and in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, that is termed intermingled learning. academic technology is employed by learners and educators in homes, faculties (both K-12 and better education), businesses, and different settings.

Scope
Educational technology therefore refers to the utilization of each physical hardware and academic theoretics. It encompasses many domains, together with learning theory, computer-based coaching, on-line learning, and, wherever mobile technologies square measure used, m-learning. consequently, there square measure many separate aspects to describing the intellectual and technical development of academic technology:

•  Educational technology because the theory and apply of academic approaches to learning
•  Educational technology as technological tools and media that assist within the communication of information, and its development and exchange
•  Educational technology for learning system management (LMS), like tools for student and course of study management, and education management info systems (EMIS)
• Educational technology itself as an academic subject; such courses could also be known as "Computer Studies" or "Information and Communication Technology (ICT)"

Information System Management

Information Systems Management (ISM) is that the application of knowledge technology to support the key functions and activities of either a non-public sector business or public sector establishment. within the past, organizations recognized the importance of managing resources like labor, capital, and raw materials. Today, it's wide accepted that managing the data resource is incredibly typically equally necessary. doctrine supports the method of assortment, manipulation, storage, distribution associate degreed utilization of an organization's data resources.

The Information Systems Management collegian major may be a multi-disciplinary major that focuses on the fusion of knowledge systems, technology, and business management for 2 purposes: the employment of knowledge systems to resolve business issues and therefore the management of technology, which incorporates new development and enterprise management.

The overwhelming majority of knowledge systems ar developed for and utilized by individuals in purposeful areas (e.g., producing,accounting, finance and marketing, human resources ). To develop data systems that address the wants of the organization, doctrine professionals should possess a solid mixture of business and technical data. they have to perceive structure structures, objectives, operations (including processes and therefore the flows of information between processes) and therefore the monetary implications associated with these factors. solely by understanding these factors will associate degree doctrine skilled communicate effectively with users and so style systems that support their wants.

ISM managers and professionals should keep up-to-date with evolving data technologies and have a solid foundation of technical skills to pick applicable technologies and to implement computer-based data systems. Thus, ISM individuals should be versed in topics like systems development tools and techniques, databases, network configurations, data design and systems integration.

The ISM program of study
The ISM program combines the elemental intellectual content of each engineering science and Business Management social science. it'll be a rigorous, difficult major for those students that wish to pursue a career of determination business issues through the utilization of data technology. The ISM program is structured to modify students to accomplish this. To do so, they have to gain the maths Associate in Nursing science fundamentals of engineering science and an understanding of the setting within which data technology (IT) solutions are going to be applied through social science and business courses.

It is the mixing of the 2 disciplines of engineering science and Business Management social science that's the essence of the doctrine program. This conjointly adds to the challenge of with success finishing the wants of the foremost. doctrine may be a timely topic and also the current demand for college students is robust. The long run demand for college students with these skills can still grow. Associate in Nursing progressively larger variety of corporations and establishments have ended that their daily operations have an imperative reliance on computer-based systems.

Memorandum of Association

A memorandum or note of Association (MOA) may be a official document ready within the formation and registration method of a liability company to outline its relationship with shareholders. The MOA is accessible to the general public and describes the company's name, physical address of registered workplace, names of shareholders and therefore the distribution of shares. The MOA and therefore the Articles of Association function the constitution of the corporate. The MOA isn't applied within the U.S. however may be a legal demand for liability corporations in European countries together with the France, uk,  and European nation, further as some Common wealth nations.

Some of the clauses used in the memorandum of association are as follows:

Name clause
The name clause needs you to state the legal and recognized name of the corporate. you're allowed to register a corporation name as long as it doesn't bear associate degreey similarities with the name of an existing company. Your name should finish with the word "limited" as a result of the preparation of associate degree flightless bird may be a legal demand for indebtedness corporations solely.

Registered office clause
The registered office clause needs you to point out the physical location of the registered workplace of the corporate. You're needed to stay all the corporate registers during this workplace additionally to exploitation the workplace in handling all the outgoing and incoming communication correspondence. You need to establish a registered workplace before commencing business activities.

Objective clause
The objective clause needs you to summarize the most objectives for establishing the corporate with relevancy the necessities for holding and use of monetary resources. You furthermore may ought to state supportive objectives; that's, those objectives that square measure needed to facilitate the accomplishment of the most objectives. The objectives ought to be freed from any provisions or declarations that contravene laws or public sensible.

Liability clause
The liability clause needs you to state the extent to that shareholders of the corporate area unit vulnerable to the debt obligations of the corporate within the event of the corporate dissolving. you ought to show that shareholders area unit liable solely their property and/or to their commitment to contribute to the dissolution prices upon liquidation of a corporation restricted by guarantee.

Capital clause
The capital clause needs you to state the company's approved share capital, the various classes of shares and also the nominal worth (the minimum value per share) of the shares. you're additionally needed to list the company's assets below this clause.

Association clause
The association clause confirms that shareholders certain by the MOA area unit volitionally associating and forming an organization. You need seven members to sign an MOA for a public company and not less than 2 person for a MOA of a personal company.

Marketing mix

The promoting combine or mix refers to the set of actions, or tactics, that an organization uses to market its complete or product within the market. The 4Ps frame a typical promoting combine i.e. Price, Product, Promotion and Place. However, nowadays, the promoting combine more and more includes many different postscript like Packaging, Positioning, individuals and even Politics as very important combine components.

Description:
 summary of 4Ps marketing

 Price: refers to the worth that\'s place for a product. It depends on prices of production, phase targeted, ability of the market to pay, offer - demand and a bunch of alternative direct and indirect factors. There is many forms of rating ways, every tied in with Associate in Nursing overall business arrange. Rating can even be used  as a demarcation, to do differentiate and enhance the image of a product.

Product: refers to the item truly being oversubscribed. the merchandise should deliver a minimum level of performance; otherwise even the simplest work on the opposite components of the promoting combine will not do any sensible.

Place: refers to the purpose of sale. In each business, catching the attention of the patron and creating it simple for her to shop for it\'s the most aim of a decent distribution or \'place\' strategy. Retailers pay a premium for the correct location. In fact, the mantra of a undefeated retail business is \'location, location, location\'.

Promotion: this refers to any or all the activities undertaken to form the merchandise or service acknowledged to the user and trade. this may embody advertising, press reports, word of mouth, incentives, commissions and awards to the trade. It also can embody shopper schemes, marketing, contests and prizes.

Importance of marketing mix
  All the weather of the promoting combine influence one another. they create up the business arrange for a corporation and handled right, will provides it nice success. however handled wrong and therefore the business might take years to recover. The promoting combine desires lots of understanding, research and consultation with many individuals, from users to trade to producing and several other others.

Management information system or management data system

A management data system (MIS) could be a processed information of monetary info organized and programmed in such some way that it produces regular reports on operations for each level of management during a company. it\'s sometimes additionally attainable to get special reports from the system simply. the most purpose of the MIS is to convey managers feedback concerning their own performance; high management will monitor the corporate as a full. info displayed by the MIS usually shows \"actual\" information over against \"planned\" results and results from a year before; so it measures progress against goals. The MIS receives information from company units and functions. a number of the information area unit collected mechanically from computer-linked check-out counters; others area unit keyed in at periodic intervals. Routine reports area unit preprogrammed and run at intervals or on demand whereas others area unit obtained victimization inherent question languages; show functions engineered into the system area unit employed by managers to visualize on standing at desk-side computers connected to the MIS by networks. several refined systems additionally monitor and show the performance of the company\'s stock.

Origins And Evolution

The MIS represents the electronic automation of many totally different forms of count, tallying, record-keeping, and accounting techniques of that the far and away oldest, of course, was the ledger on that the business owner unbroken track of his or her business. Automation emerged within the Eighties within the type of tabulating cards that may be sorted and counted. These were the punch-cards that still remembered by many: they captured components of knowledge keyed in on punch-card machines; the cards were then processed by different machines a number of that might print out results of tallies. every card was the equivalent of what nowadays would be referred to as a information record, with totally different areas on the cardboard treated as fields. World-famous IBM had its begin in 1911; it had been then referred to as Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. Before IBM there was C-T-R. Punch cards were accustomed keep time records and to record weights at scales. The U.S. Census utilized such cards to record and to govern its information similarly. once the primary computers emerged once war II punch-card systems were used each as their face (feeding them information and programs) and as their output (computers cut cards and different machines written from these). Card systems didn\'t entirely disappear till the Seventies. They were ultimately replaced by storage medium media (tape and disks). Computers victimization such storage media accelerated tallying; the pc introduced calculative functions. MIS developed because the most important accounting functions became computerised.

Dalton's atomic theory

Democritus initial recommended the existence of the atom however it took nearly 2 millennia before the atom was placed on a solid foothold as a basic chemical object by physicist (1766-1844). though 2 centuries recent, Dalton's atomic theory remains valid in trendy chemical thought. From yesteryear, philosophers were nonplussed regarding the character of matter. They were suggesting that every one matter consists of little, discrete, indivisible  particles known as atom.In 1808, John Dalton recommend the atomic theory, and with success explained the laws of chemical combination acknowledged at that point. Dalton’s atomic theory is also summarized within the following postulates.
1.      All the matter consists of very tiny indivisible  component  particles known as atoms
2.      Atoms of same component area unit all alike.
3.      Atoms completely different|of various} parts area unit entirely different, and have completely different properties.
4.      Atoms can't be destroyed, created or reworked into atoms of different parts.
5.      Atoms mix along in easy number magnitude relation to relinquish compounds.
6.      The relative range every kind of atoms area unit constant during a given compound .

 Dalton’s atomic theory is that the milestone within the development of contemporary chemistry. Dalton’s original statement has undergoes enlargement, modification, and clarification to an excellent extent. consistent with chemist atoms unite along to from chemical compounds. The quantitative  weight relationship during a chemical relation is extremely vital. Modern atomic theory is, of course, a bit a lot of concerned than Dalton's theory however the essence of Dalton's theory remains valid. nowadays we all know that atoms may be destroyed via nuclear reactions however not by chemical reactions. Also, there ar completely different sorts of atoms (differing by their masses) inside a component that ar called "isotopes", however isotopes of a component have a similar chemical properties.

Many up to currently unexplained chemical phenomena were quickly explained by Dalton along side his theory. Dalton's theory quickly became the theoretical foundation in chemistry.

Structure of matter

Whatever be the physical states of matter, they are made up of large number of extremely small particles which may be atoms or molecules.

Atoms
  An atoms is the smallest unit of an element which takes part in the chemical reaction. There are many kinds of atoms as there are elements. Atom may or may not be capable of independent existence. Previously atom was considered to be the ultimate particle of matter which can not be subdivided. But now it is known that atom consists of still smaller particles called electrons, protons, and neutrons. These particles are known as sub-atomic particles. These sub-atomic particles are arranged in some particular manner in an atom. Thus atom has its own structure. Atom consists of positively charged nucleus around which negatively charged electrons revolve like planets round the sun The nucleus contains positively charged protons and chargeless neutrons. These particles together are known as nucleons. The mass of the atom is mainly due to these nucleons.

Atomic weight
    Atom is an extremely small particle. If you buy gold out of 1 paisa it will contain more atoms of gold than the number of human beings in the world. The atom, even though very small, has mass. The gram is very big unit to measure the mass of an atom. So scientists have devised a new unit known as atomic mass unit to measure the mass of an atom. In atomic mass unit the mass of hydrogen is equal to 1.008. One atomic mass unit is nearly equal to 1.661 multiply by 10th power -24 gm. which is in fact the mass of 1/12th the mass of ordinary carbon atom.
   Atomic mass or weight is the average mass per atom of the element in atomic mass unit. These days atomic mass unit is called dalton in honour of John Dalton who put forward the first Atomic Theory based on scientific reasoning.

Molecules
   A molecule is the smallest unit of an element or a compound which is capable of independent existence. A molecule of an element  contains only one kind of atoms while a molecule of compound  contains at least two kinds of atoms. For example, a molecule of hydrogen contains two atoms of hydrogen. Hence hydrogen is taken as an element. On the other hand a molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Hence water is taken as  a compound. A molecule of ozone contains three atoms of oxygen and a molecule of helium contains one atom of helium.

Molecular weight
  Molecular mass or weight is the mass of the molecule in atomic mass unit. The molecular mass can be calculated by adding the atomic masses of constituent atoms in the molecule. The molecular mass of water is 18. This is obtained by adding the mass of two hydrogen and one oxygen atoms.

Physical classification and Chemical classification

Physical classification
Matter can be classified into three physical states depending upon the conditions of temperature and pressure.
  1. Solid state
  2. Liquid state
  3. Gaseous state

 Solid is that substance which at ordinary temperature and pressure has definite shape and volume. Molecules in solid state are constituted very closely packed and there is very little space between one and other in them. The molecules in the solids are tightly held by strong forces of attraction.
Therefore, solid has a definite shape and volume.
 Liquid is that substance which at ordinary temperature has definite volume but does not have definite shape. In liquid state, the molecules are closely packed but not tightly held like in solid. Molecules can slide one over the other easily in liquid state. Therefore, liquid contains definite volume but not the definite shape.
Gas is that substance which has neither definite shape nor volume. In gaseous state molecules are vary far apart and free to move in all possible directions. In gaseous state the intermolecular forces of attraction is very weak. Hence gas has neither definite shape nor volume.


Chemical classification
From chemical point of view matter is either a pure substance or a mixture. A pure substance will contain only one kind of matter and can not be split physically into more than one kind of substances. A mixture on the other hand contains more than one kind of matter and can be separated into two or more pure substances by ordinary separation techniques. If a particular substance is pure then it may be an element or a compound.

Elements
   An element is a pure substance which can neither be split into simpler substances nor it can be prepared by combining two or more substances. An element will contain only one kind of atoms. Only ninety elements occur in nature. By the combination of these elements all the matter in this universe are formed.

Compounds
  A compound is a pure substance which is produced by combination of two or more elements in definite proportions by weight. A compound can be split into two or more elements by chemical processes. Most of the substances around us are compounds. A compound will contain more than one kind of atoms.

Mixture
       In nature matter seldom occurs as pure substances, rather they occur as mixtures. A mixture will contain more than one kind of matter which can be separated into pure substances by physical processess.

Crystal structure of sodium chloride

Sodium chloride is an tonic compound. The crystal structure of sodium chloride is a typical example of an ionic crystal. Sodium chloride of sodium and chloride ions held together by ionic or electrovalent bond. Sodium chloride is crystallized in a face centered cubic lattice. The entire crystal of sodium chloride can be built by stalking the above unit cell of sodium chloride in three dimension. The sodium chloride crystal may be visualized as consisting of chloride ions at corners of the cube and at the center of the face of the cube. The sodium ion occupying the space at the middle of the edges between the chloride ions and at the center of the cube. A unit cell of sodium chloride may appear to be consisting of 14 chloride ions and 13 sodium ions, but in reality it consists of 4 units of sodium chloride. The chloride at the corner of the cube is shared by 8 other cubes hence 8 chloride ions at eight corner represent only one chloride ion. The chloride at center of the face is shared by two cubes hence the sic chloride ions at center of six faces represent only 3 chloride. Hence all the chloride ions present in a unit cell of sodium chloride represents 4 chloride ions. Similarly, the sodium ion present at the middle of the edge of the cube is shared by four other cubes. Hence the twelve sodium ion present at the middle of twelve edge of the cube represent 3 sodium ion. The sodium ion at center of the cube belongs fully to the cube hence represents one sodium ion. Thus a unit cell of sodium chloride contains 4 sodium ions. In total a unit cell of sodium chloride represents 4 sodium and four chloride ions i.e. 4 units of sodium chloride.

  The crystal of sodium chloride may be visualized in different way as well. If we look at the sodium ion at the center of the cube ( open circle) we readily find that it is surrounded by six chloride ions ( closed circle). Similarly, if we look at any chloride ion it will also be surrounded by six sodium ions octahedrally. Thus sodium chloride crystal may be visualized as consisting of sodium and chloride ions in which each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions and each chloride ion is surrounded by six sodium ions.

Female education

Education is important for all as it is male or as it is female. Female education is very much important for the nation. Females can help to change the family and the nation. Females are the mothers so, for the better family females must be educated. They look after their children. Only educated mothers can treat well to their babies. They can know how to make their baby healthy and problems of babies. For the better upliftment of women education following hints can be taken:
1) Parental and community involvement -- Families and communities must be important partners with schools in developing curriculum and managing children's education.
2) low cost and flexible time table - For the better upliftment of girl's enrollment in the education. There should provide the low cost education for the girls so that the family from poor people can send their daughters to study. Another is the school opening hours should be flexible so that the children can helped at home and attend class in time.
3) School close to home- School should be near many parents worry about their daughters travelling to long distance schools. So, the school should be near to the house.
4) Relevant curricula - Learning materials should be relevant to the girls so that they can learn easily.

 There are also many others steps for the upliftment to women education. Specially, this types of awarness program should be follow in the under developed or developing countries. Because in those countries they thought that women should not give the education. Females are dominated by the men in those countries. So, this types of awarness is necessary to those countries. First of all, discrimination between girls and boys should be ended then only it will be possible to think about the female education. Nowadays, females are also doing lots of great job which are not even done by the men. So, if we give oppurtunities to the females then they can also show their powers.